{"id":4331,"date":"2026-04-21T13:27:06","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T11:27:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/?p=4331"},"modified":"2026-04-21T13:27:06","modified_gmt":"2026-04-21T11:27:06","slug":"%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a5%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/fr\/%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a5%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"L&#039;\u0152il de l&#039;Afrique : un d\u00f4me g\u00e9ologique qui r\u00e9v\u00e8le l&#039;histoire de la Terre depuis l&#039;espace"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u00c9crit par Omnia Hassan<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Au nord-ouest de la Mauritanie, le d\u00e9sert du Sahara est centr\u00e9 sur une gigantesque structure circulaire, scientifiquement appel\u00e9e structure de Richat et surnomm\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019\u0152il de l\u2019Afrique\u00a0\u00bb. D\u2019un diam\u00e8tre d\u2019environ 50 kilom\u00e8tres, elle est parfaitement visible depuis l\u2019espace, ce qui en a fait un rep\u00e8re de navigation familier pour les astronautes depuis des d\u00e9cennies. Cependant, sa v\u00e9ritable valeur d\u00e9passe sa forme remarquable\u00a0; elle constitue un t\u00e9moignage g\u00e9ologique \u00e0 ciel ouvert, retra\u00e7ant des millions d\u2019ann\u00e9es d\u2019histoire de la Terre dans cette partie du continent.<\/p>\n<h2>De l&#039;hypoth\u00e8se de la m\u00e9t\u00e9orite \u00e0 l&#039;interpr\u00e9tation du d\u00f4me rocheux<\/h2>\n<p>Pendant de nombreuses ann\u00e9es, on a cru que cette structure \u00e9tait un immense crat\u00e8re d&#039;impact de m\u00e9t\u00e9orite, mais les recherches g\u00e9ologiques ont mis fin au d\u00e9bat, car aucun signe connu d&#039;impact, comme des min\u00e9raux m\u00e9tamorphiques ou un centre d&#039;impact clairement identifiable, n&#039;a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9tect\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: right;\">Un immense d\u00f4me rocheux s&#039;\u00e9l\u00e8ve sous l&#039;effet de l&#039;activit\u00e9 volcanique.<\/h3>\n<p>Les scientifiques pensent plut\u00f4t que \u00ab l\u2019\u0152il de l\u2019Afrique \u00bb est le produit d\u2019une \u00e9volution g\u00e9ologique complexe qui a commenc\u00e9 par la formation d\u2019un immense d\u00f4me rocheux due \u00e0 une activit\u00e9 ign\u00e9e profonde au sein de la cro\u00fbte terrestre, suivie de processus de fracturation et d\u2019\u00e9rosion qui ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 ses couches sous forme d\u2019anneaux superpos\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4332\" src=\"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_20260421_110316.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_20260421_110316.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_20260421_110316-300x160.jpg 300w, https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_20260421_110316-1024x546.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_20260421_110316-768x410.jpg 768w, https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/IMG_20260421_110316-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Activit\u00e9 magmatique en deux \u00e9tapes<\/h3>\n<p>Des \u00e9tudes indiquent que la r\u00e9gion a connu deux phases majeures d&#039;activit\u00e9 magmatique, s\u00e9par\u00e9es par environ 100 millions d&#039;ann\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>Il en a r\u00e9sult\u00e9 diverses intrusions ign\u00e9es, notamment du gabbro, de la carbonatite et parfois de la kimberlite, t\u00e9moins de mouvements magmatiques profonds \u00e0 l&#039;int\u00e9rieur de la Terre. Au fil du temps, les fissures ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 fragiliser la structure, et l&#039;\u00e9rosion a ensuite accentu\u00e9 le gradient annulaire caract\u00e9ristique.<\/p>\n<h3>Quand le d\u00e9sert \u00e9tait des rivi\u00e8res<\/h3>\n<p>Le d\u00e9sert du Sahara n&#039;a pas toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 aride. Durant des p\u00e9riodes climatiques humides, dans un pass\u00e9 lointain, l&#039;eau courante et les rivi\u00e8res saisonni\u00e8res ont jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le crucial dans le fa\u00e7onnement de sa surface.<\/p>\n<p>Cette \u00e9tape a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9largir les vall\u00e9es et les fissures entre les couches rocheuses, et a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 plus nettement les formations circulaires. Puis, au cours des \u00e9poques suivantes, les vents ont achev\u00e9 le processus de modelage, donnant au paysage ses caract\u00e9ristiques actuelles.<\/p>\n<h3>Laboratoire g\u00e9ologique ouvert<\/h3>\n<p>Aujourd\u2019hui, le \u00ab\u00a0Cygne noir de l\u2019Afrique\u00a0\u00bb est un laboratoire naturel qui permet aux scientifiques de retracer l\u2019\u00e9volution de la cro\u00fbte terrestre et l\u2019histoire de l\u2019activit\u00e9 ign\u00e9e dans l\u2019ouest du continent. V\u00e9ritable archive \u00e0 ciel ouvert, il conserve avec une rare pr\u00e9cision des d\u00e9tails sur la formation des roches, les intrusions magmatiques et les effets de l\u2019\u00e9rosion et des climats anciens.<\/p>\n<p>Bien que certains d\u00e9tails de sa formation fassent encore l&#039;objet de recherches, ce d\u00f4me g\u00e9ologique demeure un t\u00e9moignage exceptionnel de l&#039;interaction des forces profondes de la Terre avec les facteurs de surface sur des millions d&#039;ann\u00e9es.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u00bb \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 50 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u064a\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 &hellip;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[217,11],"tags":[1571,1570,1573,1572,748],"class_list":["post-4331","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-slider","category-tie-travel","tag-1571","tag-1570","tag-1573","tag-1572","tag-748"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.. \u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 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