{"id":26309,"date":"2026-08-02T23:48:18","date_gmt":"2026-08-02T21:48:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/?p=26309"},"modified":"2026-08-02T23:48:18","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T21:48:18","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%84%d9%83-%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b6%d9%8b%d8%a7-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%87%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/fr\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%84%d9%83-%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b6%d9%8b%d8%a7-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%87%d8%b1\/","title":{"rendered":"Le Cameroun dispose d'une production d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 exc\u00e9dentaire, mais une crise du r\u00e9seau \u00e9lectrique entrave sa distribution aux consommateurs."},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c9crit par : Ayman Ragab<\/strong><\/p>\n

La crise \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique du Cameroun n'est plus due \u00e0 un manque de capacit\u00e9s de production, car plusieurs grands projets hydro\u00e9lectriques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en service, portant la capacit\u00e9 install\u00e9e \u00e0 pr\u00e8s de 2\u00a0000 m\u00e9gawatts. Le probl\u00e8me se situe d\u00e9sormais au niveau du r\u00e9seau de transport et de distribution, o\u00f9 des infrastructures v\u00e9tustes, des pertes techniques et un faible recouvrement des recettes entra\u00eenent des coupures de courant persistantes, notamment dans la capitale \u00e9conomique, Douala.<\/p>\n

Le 29 mars 2025, Douala a subi une panne de courant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e de 12 heures en raison de travaux de maintenance sur la principale ligne de transport d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 alimentant la ville. Cette panne a entra\u00een\u00e9 l'arr\u00eat des zones industrielles, des usines agroalimentaires et de certains h\u00f4pitaux. Les barrages ont continu\u00e9 de fonctionner normalement et l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 \u00e9tait disponible, mais ne pouvait pas \u00eatre distribu\u00e9e aux consommateurs.<\/p>\n

\"\u00e9lectricit\u00e9\"
\u00e9lectricit\u00e9<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

En janvier 2026, le ministre de l'\u00c9nergie a confirm\u00e9 que le r\u00e9seau interconnect\u00e9 du sud, qui alimente les deux principales villes et la majeure partie de l'activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique, disposait d'une capacit\u00e9 de production de 1\u00a0536 MW, contre une demande nationale de 1\u00a0206 MW. Malgr\u00e9 ce surplus th\u00e9orique, des coupures de courant persistent, les usines de Douala \u00e9tant les plus touch\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Pendant un demi-si\u00e8cle, le principal d\u00e9fi a \u00e9t\u00e9 le manque de capacit\u00e9 de production, mais la pleine exploitation de la centrale \u00e9lectrique de Nakhtigal de 420 MW en 2025, ainsi que la contribution de la centrale \u00e9lectrique de Lom Bangar \u00e0 la r\u00e9gulation des d\u00e9bits de la rivi\u00e8re Sanaga et l'ajout de la centrale \u00e9lectrique de Memfeli de 211 MW, ont mis fin \u00e0 la crise de production et ont d\u00e9plac\u00e9 le probl\u00e8me vers les r\u00e9seaux de transport et de distribution.<\/p>\n

Une \u00e9tude r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par l'Autorit\u00e9 de r\u00e9gulation de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 (ARSEL) et publi\u00e9e en octobre 2022 indique que le r\u00e9seau perd 6,481 Tb\/s d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 lors du transport et 28,51 Tb\/s lors de la distribution, avec pour objectif de r\u00e9duire ces pertes \u00e0 respectivement 51 Tb\/s et 141 Tb\/s d'ici 2031. Le programme \u201c\u00a0Mission 300\u00a0\u201d, soutenu par la Banque mondiale, confirme \u00e9galement que l'efficacit\u00e9 du r\u00e9seau de distribution est actuellement de 731 Tb\/s et devrait atteindre 881 Tb\/s d'ici 2030, ce qui signifie que pr\u00e8s d'un tiers de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 produite n'arrive pas jusqu'aux compteurs.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

La centrale \u00e9lectrique de Memphilly souffre \u00e9galement depuis des ann\u00e9es d'un fonctionnement en de\u00e7\u00e0 de sa capacit\u00e9 de production en raison d'un manque de lignes de transport, la ligne IDEA-Douala \u00e9tant l'un des principaux goulots d'\u00e9tranglement, puisqu'elle ne transporte que 540 m\u00e9gawatts, alors que la r\u00e9gion a besoin de 671 m\u00e9gawatts.<\/p>\n

Lorsque les centrales thermiques de Dibamba et de Limbe s'arr\u00eatent, les charges sur le transformateur de Logbaba atteignent 140% de sa capacit\u00e9 nominale, et celles du transformateur de Bekoko 120%, ce qui incite la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de distribution \u00e0 couper l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 aux principaux consommateurs, principalement les usines.<\/p>\n

Le r\u00e9seau \u00e9lectrique camerounais demeure divis\u00e9 entre le nord et le sud du pays, sans interconnexion permettant le transfert du surplus d'\u00e9nergie hydro\u00e9lectrique vers le nord, qui d\u00e9pend davantage des centrales thermiques. Un projet d'interconnexion interne est toujours \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude, de m\u00eame qu'un projet d'interconnexion r\u00e9gionale avec le Tchad, d'un co\u00fbt de 557,5 milliards de francs CFA.<\/p>\n

Le r\u00e9seau subit \u00e9galement des pertes consid\u00e9rables dues au vol d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. Le gouvernement estime le montant de cette fraude \u00e0 plus de 60 milliards de francs CFA par an, soit environ 100 millions de dollars am\u00e9ricains. Une campagne d'inspection men\u00e9e en juin dernier a permis de d\u00e9busquer 3\u00a0000 cas en trois semaines \u00e0 Yaound\u00e9 et Douala. Depuis la nationalisation de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de distribution, les mesures de contr\u00f4le n'ont permis de recouvrer qu'environ 24 milliards de francs CFA, une infime partie des pertes totales.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

La crise financi\u00e8re complique davantage la situation du secteur. Les tarifs de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 pour les m\u00e9nages sont inchang\u00e9s depuis 2012 et ENE, renationalis\u00e9e en mai 2026 sous le nom de Socadel suite au rachat par l'\u00c9tat du fonds d'investissement britannique Actis, devait \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de transport Sonatrail environ 273 milliards de francs CFA en 2025. L'exploitant de la centrale \u00e9lectrique de Nachtigal fait \u00e9galement face \u00e0 des arri\u00e9r\u00e9s d'environ 70 milliards de francs CFA, les nouvelles factures mensuelles avoisinant les 10 milliards de francs CFA, tandis que le gouvernement n\u00e9gocie une ligne de cr\u00e9dit de 100 milliards de francs CFA pour garantir le paiement du projet. En janvier 2025, Globec a r\u00e9duit la production de ses deux centrales thermiques, qui fournissent un cinqui\u00e8me de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 du pays, en raison de retards de paiement.<\/p>\n

Malgr\u00e9 ces investissements, environ un tiers de la population camerounaise reste hors du r\u00e9seau \u00e9lectrique, et les co\u00fbts \u00e9lev\u00e9s de raccordement, d'appareils et de facturation contraignent de nombreux m\u00e9nages \u00e0 utiliser du bois de chauffage et du charbon de bois pour cuisiner, ce qui a un impact n\u00e9gatif sur la sant\u00e9 publique, car l'Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 \u00e9tablit un lien entre des millions de d\u00e9c\u00e8s pr\u00e9matur\u00e9s chaque ann\u00e9e et la pollution de l'air int\u00e9rieur.<\/p>\n

La crise au Cameroun est comparable \u00e0 celle du Nig\u00e9ria, o\u00f9 le probl\u00e8me n'est plus la construction de nouvelles centrales \u00e9lectriques, mais plut\u00f4t la s\u00e9curisation du transport de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 et le recouvrement des paiements. Les experts estiment que le succ\u00e8s de l'initiative \u201c\u00a0Mission 300\u00a0\u00bb, qui vise \u00e0 \u00e9lectrifier 300 millions d'Africains d'ici 2030, d\u00e9pendra du d\u00e9veloppement des r\u00e9seaux de transport et de distribution et de la r\u00e9forme du syst\u00e8me financier, et non de la seule construction de nouvelles centrales.<\/p>\n

En revanche, le projet d'\u00e9lectrification rurale soutenu par la Banque mondiale a obtenu des r\u00e9sultats positifs, en raccordant avec succ\u00e8s 163\u00a0000 foyers au r\u00e9seau \u00e9lectrique en 20 mois gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un plan de paiement \u00e9chelonn\u00e9, avant de revoir son objectif \u00e0 la hausse pour atteindre plus de 234\u00a0000 foyers. Par ailleurs, le programme de r\u00e9forme du secteur de l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 a inaugur\u00e9 en avril une acad\u00e9mie r\u00e9gionale de l'\u00e9nergie \u00e0 Yaound\u00e9 afin de former le personnel technique et administratif.<\/p>\n

Le rapport confirme que le Cameroun a prouv\u00e9 sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 construire des barrages hydro\u00e9lectriques, mais le v\u00e9ritable d\u00e9fi dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir consistera \u00e0 moderniser les r\u00e9seaux de transport et de distribution, \u00e0 entretenir les transformateurs et \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer le recouvrement des recettes, afin de garantir que l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 parvienne quotidiennement aux consommateurs et de soutenir les plans d'industrialisation et de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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