{"id":15758,"date":"2026-06-21T16:53:10","date_gmt":"2026-06-21T14:53:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/?p=15758"},"modified":"2026-06-21T16:53:10","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T14:53:10","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ab%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/fr\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ab%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9nergie : Le plus grand d\u00e9fi auquel sont confront\u00e9s les investissements dans les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications en Afrique"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c9crit par : Ayman Ragab<\/strong><\/p>\n

Depuis des ann\u00e9es, le secteur des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications en Afrique est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme l'un des principaux moteurs de la croissance \u00e9conomique du continent, port\u00e9 par une demande croissante de services de communication, l'essor des \u00e9conomies mobiles et une population jeune qui adopte rapidement les technologies num\u00e9riques. Cependant, ce tableau prometteur masque un d\u00e9fi fondamental que les investisseurs et les op\u00e9rateurs de r\u00e9seaux ne peuvent ignorer\u00a0: la crise \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique.<\/p>\n

Avec l'expansion continue des r\u00e9seaux et la croissance de la consommation de donn\u00e9es, la question n'est plus de savoir o\u00f9 investir, mais comment garantir la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 et la rentabilit\u00e9 de ces investissements. Dans ce contexte, l'\u00e9nergie n'est plus une simple n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 op\u00e9rationnelle, mais un facteur d\u00e9terminant de la rentabilit\u00e9 du secteur des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications sur le continent.<\/p>\n

La raret\u00e9 de l'\u00e9nergie freine l'expansion num\u00e9rique<\/strong><\/p>\n

Selon l'Agence internationale de l'\u00e9nergie, quelque 600 millions de personnes en Afrique n'ont toujours pas acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, ce qui fait de ce continent celui qui conna\u00eet le plus grand d\u00e9ficit \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique au monde. Cette situation a des r\u00e9percussions directes sur le secteur des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, car les antennes-relais de t\u00e9l\u00e9phonie mobile, les infrastructures de fibre optique et les centres de donn\u00e9es d\u00e9pendent d'un approvisionnement en \u00e9lectricit\u00e9 stable et continu.<\/p>\n

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Le Nig\u00e9ria constitue l'un des exemples les plus frappants de l'impact de la crise \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique sur les services de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications. Les fr\u00e9quentes coupures de courant et la flamb\u00e9e des prix du diesel ont contraint les op\u00e9rateurs \u00e0 r\u00e9duire leurs activit\u00e9s ou \u00e0 annoncer des risques de perturbations. En 2024, l'Association des op\u00e9rateurs de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications agr\u00e9\u00e9s du Nig\u00e9ria (ALTON) a alert\u00e9 sur le fait que la hausse des co\u00fbts de l'\u00e9nergie mena\u00e7ait la viabilit\u00e9 du r\u00e9seau national, les op\u00e9rateurs d\u00e9pensant chaque mois des milliards de nairas en diesel pour alimenter leurs antennes.<\/p>\n

En Afrique du Sud, la crise des coupures de courant a mis en \u00e9vidence l'interd\u00e9pendance entre \u00e9nergie et connectivit\u00e9. Lors de pannes prolong\u00e9es, les batteries de secours des antennes-relais de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications s'\u00e9puisent, provoquant des interruptions d'appel, une d\u00e9gradation de la qualit\u00e9 d'internet et une saturation du r\u00e9seau. MTN Afrique du Sud avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 indiqu\u00e9 que les coupures prolong\u00e9es causaient des dommages importants aux syst\u00e8mes de batteries, ainsi qu'une augmentation des vols et des actes de vandalisme sur les sites des antennes.<\/p>\n

En R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo et dans certaines r\u00e9gions rurales d'\u00c9thiopie, de nombreuses communaut\u00e9s restent exclues des r\u00e9seaux de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications commerciaux en raison du co\u00fbt \u00e9lev\u00e9 de la mise en place des infrastructures \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques par rapport aux revenus escompt\u00e9s. Dans ces cas-l\u00e0, les p\u00e9nuries d'\u00e9nergie constituent un obstacle direct \u00e0 la connectivit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Le d\u00e9ficit \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique et de d\u00e9veloppement par rapport aux \u00e9conomies mondiales<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les pays africains ne souffrent pas d'un manque de demande en infrastructures num\u00e9riques, en \u00e9nergies renouvelables ou en services de communication, mais le d\u00e9fi r\u00e9side dans des investissements limit\u00e9s, la faible fiabilit\u00e9 des r\u00e9seaux \u00e9lectriques, le manque de capacit\u00e9s de production et le manque d'outils de financement n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la construction d'une \u00e9conomie \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique moderne.<\/p>\n

Les donn\u00e9es indiquent que l'Afrique contribue \u00e0 hauteur d'environ 831 000 milliards de tonnes au d\u00e9ficit mondial d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, tandis que la consommation d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 en Europe, en Am\u00e9rique du Nord et dans la plupart des pays asiatiques d\u00e9passe 991 000 milliards de tonnes. Cette situation a des r\u00e9percussions directes sur la production industrielle, le d\u00e9veloppement des infrastructures num\u00e9riques et celui des secteurs \u00e9nergivores tels que l'intelligence artificielle et l'informatique en nuage.<\/p>\n

L'instabilit\u00e9 des r\u00e9seaux \u00e9lectriques constitue un d\u00e9fi suppl\u00e9mentaire. Selon des enqu\u00eates de la Banque mondiale aupr\u00e8s des entreprises, celles d'Afrique subsaharienne subissent en moyenne 8,5 coupures de courant par mois, contre moins d'une par mois dans les pays de l'OCDE. Dans des pays comme le Nig\u00e9ria et l'Afrique du Sud, ces coupures prolong\u00e9es ont contraint les entreprises de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, les banques, les usines et les centres de donn\u00e9es \u00e0 investir massivement dans des groupes \u00e9lectrog\u00e8nes diesel de secours, ce qui a entra\u00een\u00e9 une hausse substantielle de leurs co\u00fbts d'exploitation.<\/p>\n

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Alors que les technologies d\u2019\u00e9nergie propre devraient repr\u00e9senter pour la premi\u00e8re fois plus de 101 000 milliards de yuans de la croissance \u00e9conomique chinoise en 2024, avec des ventes et des investissements totalisant 13 600 milliards de yuans, les niveaux d\u2019investissement dans le secteur \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique africain restent nettement inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 ceux de leurs homologues mondiaux.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 cela s'ajoute le facteur manufacturier, la Chine contr\u00f4lant plus de 801 000 milliards de tonnes de la production mondiale de panneaux solaires et dominant les cha\u00eenes d'approvisionnement en batteries, tandis que l'Europe et les \u00c9tats-Unis continuent de promouvoir les industries des technologies propres gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des politiques telles que la loi sur la r\u00e9duction de l'inflation et la loi sur l'industrie \u00e0 z\u00e9ro \u00e9mission.<\/p>\n

En ce qui concerne les infrastructures, la longueur des lignes de transport d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 en Afrique subsaharienne ne d\u00e9passe pas 170\u00a0000 kilom\u00e8tres, ce qui repr\u00e9sente l'un des taux les plus faibles par habitant au monde, limitant ainsi le commerce r\u00e9gional de l'\u00e9nergie et r\u00e9duisant la capacit\u00e9 des pays riches en \u00e9nergies renouvelables \u00e0 exporter efficacement leur production exc\u00e9dentaire.<\/p>\n

Ce foss\u00e9 est particuli\u00e8rement flagrant dans l'\u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique, o\u00f9 les g\u00e9ants mondiaux du cloud computing comme Google, Microsoft et Amazon investissent des milliards de dollars dans les centres de donn\u00e9es et les infrastructures d'IA. \u00c0 l'inverse, l'Afrique ne repr\u00e9sente actuellement que moins de 11 TPH de la capacit\u00e9 mondiale des centres de donn\u00e9es, et l'irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9 de l'approvisionnement en \u00e9lectricit\u00e9 demeure un obstacle majeur au d\u00e9veloppement du cloud computing et de l'IA sur le continent.<\/p>\n

Malgr\u00e9 ces d\u00e9fis, l'Afrique dispose d'une opportunit\u00e9 exceptionnelle. Contrairement aux \u00e9conomies avanc\u00e9es qui d\u00e9pendent d'infrastructures centralis\u00e9es et obsol\u00e8tes, les pays africains peuvent op\u00e9rer une transition directe vers des mod\u00e8les \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques d\u00e9centralis\u00e9s, fond\u00e9s sur l'\u00e9nergie solaire, les batteries et les communications modernes. Le Kenya produit d\u00e9j\u00e0 plus de 801 T3 T d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 \u00e0 partir de sources renouvelables, tandis que le Maroc poursuit le d\u00e9veloppement de l'une des plus grandes centrales solaires au monde gr\u00e2ce au projet Noor Ouarzazate.<\/p>\n

Le probl\u00e8me ne r\u00e9side donc pas dans un manque de ressources ou de capacit\u00e9s, mais dans un financement limit\u00e9, une industrie manufacturi\u00e8re locale faible et l'absence de coordination \u00e0 long terme dans les projets d'infrastructure.<\/p>\n

L'\u00e9nergie est en train de passer d'une d\u00e9pense op\u00e9rationnelle \u00e0 un facteur d'investissement.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement du secteur des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 li\u00e9 \u00e0 d'importants investissements, notamment l'acquisition de fr\u00e9quences, la construction de tours et la modernisation des r\u00e9seaux. Cependant, les charges d'exploitation, en particulier les co\u00fbts \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques, p\u00e8sent d\u00e9sormais de plus en plus lourd dans les r\u00e9sultats financiers des entreprises op\u00e9rant en Afrique.<\/p>\n

Sur de nombreux march\u00e9s, l'\u00e9nergie repr\u00e9sente une part importante des co\u00fbts d'exploitation totaux en raison de la d\u00e9pendance aux g\u00e9n\u00e9rateurs diesel et de l'instabilit\u00e9 des r\u00e9seaux \u00e9lectriques. Les fluctuations des prix des carburants, des co\u00fbts de transport et des d\u00e9penses de maintenance r\u00e9duisent encore les marges b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires, modifiant ainsi la valorisation des investissements dans ce secteur.<\/p>\n

Le succ\u00e8s du d\u00e9ploiement d'un r\u00e9seau ne se mesure plus uniquement au nombre d'abonn\u00e9s ou \u00e0 la zone de couverture, mais aussi \u00e0 la capacit\u00e9 des op\u00e9rateurs \u00e0 exploiter ces r\u00e9seaux efficacement et \u00e0 des co\u00fbts soutenables sur le long terme.<\/p>\n

Cette situation se refl\u00e8te clairement dans les plans d'expansion. Les zones urbaines, qui b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d'un approvisionnement en \u00e9lectricit\u00e9 plus stable, re\u00e7oivent la plus grande part des investissements, tandis que de nombreuses zones rurales et p\u00e9riurbaines restent exclues de l'expansion malgr\u00e9 une demande prometteuse, en raison des co\u00fbts \u00e9lev\u00e9s d'exploitation des infrastructures \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques.<\/p>\n

Face \u00e0 ces d\u00e9fis, le secteur se tourne vers de nouveaux mod\u00e8les op\u00e9rationnels, notamment le mod\u00e8le \u201c\u00a0\u00e9nergie en tant que service\u00a0\u201d, qui permet aux gestionnaires de r\u00e9seau de faire appel \u00e0 des fournisseurs sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s pour g\u00e9rer leurs besoins \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques. Ce mod\u00e8le contribue \u00e0 transformer les co\u00fbts \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques volatils en d\u00e9penses plus stables et pr\u00e9visibles, am\u00e9liorant ainsi la planification financi\u00e8re et r\u00e9duisant la complexit\u00e9 op\u00e9rationnelle.<\/p>\n

Les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de tours de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications \u00e9tendent \u00e9galement leur r\u00f4le pour devenir des fournisseurs de solutions \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques, en d\u00e9veloppant une infrastructure partag\u00e9e qui dessert simultan\u00e9ment plusieurs op\u00e9rateurs, ce qui contribue \u00e0 une efficacit\u00e9 accrue et \u00e0 une r\u00e9duction des doublons d'investissements.<\/p>\n

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\u00c0 terme, les syst\u00e8mes \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques hybrides permettent de r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance au diesel et d'accro\u00eetre la stabilit\u00e9 des co\u00fbts d'exploitation, am\u00e9liorant ainsi le retour sur investissement. Ces solutions ouvrent \u00e9galement la voie \u00e0 des mod\u00e8les \u00e9conomiques pour le d\u00e9ploiement de r\u00e9seaux dans des zones auparavant consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme non rentables, notamment en milieu rural.<\/p>\n

Une nouvelle perspective pour les investisseurs<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cette \u00e9volution oblige les investisseurs \u00e0 revoir leurs crit\u00e8res d'\u00e9valuation du secteur des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications. Outre les indicateurs de performance traditionnels tels que la croissance du nombre d'abonn\u00e9s, le revenu moyen par utilisateur et la couverture g\u00e9ographique, l'efficacit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique et le niveau d'exposition aux risques \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques sont devenus des facteurs cl\u00e9s dans les d\u00e9cisions d'investissement.<\/p>\n

M\u00eame les projets b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiant d'une forte demande peuvent avoir du mal \u00e0 atteindre leurs objectifs de rentabilit\u00e9 si les co\u00fbts de l'\u00e9nergie sont \u00e9lev\u00e9s ou tr\u00e8s volatils. \u00c0 l'inverse, les investissements dans les infrastructures \u00e9co\u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques peuvent g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des rendements plus durables \u00e0 long terme.<\/p>\n

Cela se refl\u00e8te d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans les tendances de financement, avec un int\u00e9r\u00eat croissant pour les mod\u00e8les int\u00e9gr\u00e9s qui combinent infrastructures de communication et solutions \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques, dans le cadre d'une vision plus globale de la durabilit\u00e9 des r\u00e9seaux.<\/p>\n

Bien que le secteur des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications en Afrique demeure parmi les secteurs les plus vitaux au monde, son avenir d\u00e9pendra non seulement de sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9tendre la connectivit\u00e9, mais aussi de sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 garantir l'\u00e9nergie n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 cette expansion.<\/p>\n

Aujourd'hui, l'\u00e9nergie n'est plus un simple \u00e9l\u00e9ment op\u00e9rationnel\u00a0; elle est devenue un facteur strat\u00e9gique d\u00e9terminant l'emplacement, la gestion et la rentabilit\u00e9 des r\u00e9seaux. Face \u00e0 ces \u00e9volutions, les acteurs qui r\u00e9ussiront sur le march\u00e9 africain des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications ne seront pas seulement ceux qui connecteront le plus grand nombre d'utilisateurs, mais aussi ceux qui sauront le faire de mani\u00e8re efficace, durable et \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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