{"id":14137,"date":"2026-06-14T22:07:42","date_gmt":"2026-06-14T20:07:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/?p=14137"},"modified":"2026-06-14T22:07:42","modified_gmt":"2026-06-14T20:07:42","slug":"%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%83-%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b2%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%8a%d8%b4%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/fr\/%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%83-%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b2%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%8a%d8%b4%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81\/","title":{"rendered":"Musk et Bezos d\u00e9clenchent une bataille pour l'internet par satellite en Afrique"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c9crit par : Ayman Ragab<\/strong><\/p>\n

Apr\u00e8s le lancement de Starlink par Elon Musk, actuellement disponible dans 29 pays africains, Jeff Bezos, quatri\u00e8me fortune mondiale, lance Amazon Leo en Afrique. Les deux milliardaires se disputent le march\u00e9 de l'internet par satellite \u00e0 haut d\u00e9bit, un secteur tr\u00e8s prometteur sur un continent o\u00f9 la p\u00e9n\u00e9tration d'internet atteint \u00e0 peine 401 TPD\/3 Tbp. Cette concurrence a des retomb\u00e9es positives pour les \u00e9conomies africaines, mais\u2026
\nPayer des abonnements, envoyer et recevoir de l'argent, acc\u00e9der aux soins de sant\u00e9 et \u00e9tudier : toutes ces activit\u00e9s d\u00e9pendent d\u00e9sormais fortement d'une connexion internet. Pourtant, en Afrique, l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 internet demeure limit\u00e9, tr\u00e8s in\u00e9galitaire, peu fiable et co\u00fbteux pour une grande partie de la population. En effet, \u00e0 peine 401 millions de personnes par jour en Afrique ont acc\u00e8s \u00e0 internet, avec de fortes disparit\u00e9s entre les zones urbaines et rurales. Ce manque d'acc\u00e8s est principalement d\u00fb \u00e0 l'isolement de certaines r\u00e9gions, au co\u00fbt des technologies terrestres (c\u00e2bles, antennes, \u00e9lectricit\u00e9, etc.), \u00e0 des infrastructures inad\u00e9quates et \u00e0 des co\u00fbts d'exploitation \u00e9lev\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

Des millions d'Africains n'ont pas acc\u00e8s \u00e0 Internet, et les entreprises, les institutions et autres organisations fonctionnent souvent sans connexion fiable, ce qui limite leur acc\u00e8s aux technologies de communication modernes, \u00e0 l'\u00e9ducation, aux soins de sant\u00e9, etc. Ceci repr\u00e9sente un obstacle majeur dans un monde o\u00f9 une connectivit\u00e9 Internet performante et g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e est devenue un atout concurrentiel pour les m\u00e9nages, les entreprises, les institutions et les nations qui aspirent \u00e0 une couverture universelle et font d'Internet un catalyseur de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique et social.<\/p>\n

L'internet par satellite \u00e0 haut d\u00e9bit est une solution id\u00e9ale<\/h4>\n

Face \u00e0 la demande croissante de connectivit\u00e9 haut d\u00e9bit dans des secteurs tels que la banque, les mines et les services de cloud computing bas\u00e9s sur l'intelligence artificielle, l'internet par satellite en orbite basse (LEO), reposant sur une constellation de satellites, est devenu indispensable. Il r\u00e9duit la distance de transmission des donn\u00e9es, diminue la latence et am\u00e9liore la qualit\u00e9 de la connexion pour des services comme le streaming vid\u00e9o, les appels vocaux et les jeux en ligne.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Cette conjonction d'effets positifs a permis le d\u00e9ploiement de l'internet \u00e0 haut d\u00e9bit, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l'utilisation de satellites de communication en orbite terrestre basse (\u00e0 500 kilom\u00e8tres d'altitude) au lieu de l'orbite g\u00e9ostationnaire (\u00e0 36\u00a0000 kilom\u00e8tres d'altitude). Il en r\u00e9sulte des vitesses de connexion Terre-espace cinquante fois sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 celles des satellites traditionnels (un temps de r\u00e9ponse de 20 millisecondes contre plus de 600 millisecondes). Le march\u00e9 conna\u00eet une croissance remarquable, notamment gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l'abandon progressif, par les banques, les entreprises et les organisations gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, des syst\u00e8mes qui reposaient auparavant sur les anciens satellites g\u00e9ostationnaires.<\/p>\n

Dans ce contexte, l'internet par satellite ultrarapide est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une solution id\u00e9ale pour combler le foss\u00e9 num\u00e9rique entre le continent et le reste du monde.<\/p>\n

29 pays africains<\/h4>\n

Dans ce domaine, le milliardaire am\u00e9ricain d'origine sud-africaine, Elon Musk, l'homme le plus riche du monde, a \u00e9t\u00e9 le premier \u00e0 relever le d\u00e9fi en proposant son service Starlink, qu'il a lanc\u00e9 sur tout le continent en 2023.<\/p>\n

Ce service couvre actuellement 29 des 54 pays africains et, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 sa relation \u00e9troite avec le pr\u00e9sident Donald Trump, Musk a acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9 le d\u00e9ploiement de ce service internet ultra-rapide depuis le retour de ce dernier \u00e0 la Maison Blanche.<\/p>\n

Cependant, alors que Musk a \u00e9t\u00e9 quasiment le seul \u00e0 fournir un service Internet par satellite \u00e0 haut d\u00e9bit jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, ce ne sera plus le cas.<\/p>\n

En effet, Jeff Bezos, le quatri\u00e8me homme le plus riche du monde avec une fortune de 260 milliards de dollars, s'est lanc\u00e9 dans une invasion de l'Afrique par internet haut d\u00e9bit par satellite avec Amazon Leo, ouvrant ainsi une bataille directe entre deux des hommes les plus riches de la plan\u00e8te.<\/p>\n

Le milliardaire excentrique et son offre Starlink devront faire face \u00e0 la concurrence de son compatriote am\u00e9ricain Jeff Bezos, dont le service Amazon Leo est un r\u00e9seau internet haut d\u00e9bit capable de connecter les foyers, les entreprises, les op\u00e9rateurs t\u00e9l\u00e9coms et les grandes entreprises. Cette offre vise des d\u00e9bits de t\u00e9l\u00e9chargement allant jusqu'\u00e0 400 Mbit\/s pour les particuliers et des d\u00e9bits encore plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s pour les entreprises.<\/p>\n

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Conscient de ces retards, Bezos a choisi le Kenya comme point de d\u00e9part de son projet et esp\u00e8re obtenir une licence des autorit\u00e9s k\u00e9nyanes pour \u00e9tablir sa premi\u00e8re passerelle satellitaire en Afrique. Si elle est accord\u00e9e, Amazon Kuiper Kenya Limited deviendrait la premi\u00e8re filiale du groupe en Afrique, assurant la liaison entre sa constellation de satellites en orbite terrestre basse et les r\u00e9seaux internet terrestres. Cette passerelle permettrait le transfert de donn\u00e9es entre les satellites et l'infrastructure terrestre, am\u00e9liorant ainsi la qualit\u00e9 de service, les temps de r\u00e9ponse et les d\u00e9bits de connexion. Une fois la licence obtenue, Amazon pourra acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer son d\u00e9ploiement dans la r\u00e9gion avant de concentrer ses efforts sur son expansion \u00e0 travers le continent africain, o\u00f9 les fournisseurs d'acc\u00e8s internet haut d\u00e9bit sont de plus en plus d\u00e9sireux de proposer leurs services. Par cons\u00e9quent, l'obtention de cette autorisation pourrait profond\u00e9ment modifier le paysage concurrentiel des services internet par satellite dans la r\u00e9gion et sur l'ensemble du continent africain.<\/p>\n

Kenya : le march\u00e9 technologique le plus attractif d'Afrique<\/h5>\n

Le Kenya a \u00e9t\u00e9 choisi car il repr\u00e9sente l'un des march\u00e9s technologiques les plus attractifs d'Afrique, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une infrastructure num\u00e9rique de haute qualit\u00e9, un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me de startups dynamique et une forte demande en internet haut d\u00e9bit. De plus, c'est l'un des pays africains o\u00f9 Starlink, pr\u00e9sent depuis 2023, a rencontr\u00e9 un succ\u00e8s remarquable.<\/p>\n

D'autres pays sont \u00e9galement vis\u00e9s, notamment le Nig\u00e9ria et l'Afrique du Sud.<\/p>\n

Afin de rivaliser avec Musk, Bezos a plac\u00e9 la barre encore plus haut avec son projet TeraWave et sa constellation de 5\u00a0408 satellites, dont 5\u00a0280 en orbite terrestre basse (LEO) et 128 en orbite terrestre moyenne (MEO), reli\u00e9s par des liaisons optiques. Cette infrastructure offrira des d\u00e9bits allant jusqu'\u00e0 144 gigabits par seconde (Gbps) par utilisateur, avec un d\u00e9bit de pointe de 6 t\u00e9rabits par seconde (Tbps).<\/p>\n

Cependant, le PDG d'Amazon court le risque de voir sa strat\u00e9gie compromise par une p\u00e9nurie de lanceurs. Si Amazon a la capacit\u00e9 de fabriquer jusqu'\u00e0 1\u00a0500 satellites par an, leur mise en orbite d\u00e9pend du calendrier de lancement de fus\u00e9es lourdes comme Ariane 6, alors qu'Elon Musk dispose de ses propres lanceurs (Starship, Falcon 9 et Falcon Heavy).<\/p>\n

Par cons\u00e9quent, Amazon Leo sera d\u00e9savantag\u00e9 pour contester directement la domination de SpaceX, qui exploite d\u00e9j\u00e0 plus de 10 600 satellites en orbite.<\/p>\n

Pour acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le d\u00e9ploiement de ses services, Amazon utilise la technologie de liaison par satellite. Cette technologie relie les satellites en orbite terrestre basse aux stations terrestres, essentielles au fonctionnement du haut d\u00e9bit par satellite, en assurant la connexion entre les satellites en orbite et les internautes sur Terre. Avec ce mod\u00e8le, Amazon ne vend pas son \u00e9quipement directement aux particuliers, mais fournit de la capacit\u00e9 de donn\u00e9es aux op\u00e9rateurs de r\u00e9seaux mobiles. Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, cette technologie permet aux antennes de t\u00e9l\u00e9phonie mobile 4G et 5G de se connecter au r\u00e9seau national via une liaison satellite Amazon. Ainsi, les utilisateurs peuvent continuer \u00e0 utiliser leur t\u00e9l\u00e9phone avec leur carte SIM habituelle.<\/p>\n

S'appuyant sur ce constat, Amazon noue des partenariats avec des entreprises de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications pour \u00e9tendre ses services. Par exemple, Amazon Leo a sign\u00e9 un accord avec Vodafone, maison m\u00e8re de Vodacom, afin de connecter des sites isol\u00e9s des r\u00e9seaux 4G et 5G gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la technologie satellitaire. Au Kenya, ce partenariat devrait faciliter le d\u00e9ploiement, Safaricom, principal op\u00e9rateur du pays, \u00e9tant d\u00e9tenu en partie par Vodafone.<\/p>\n

contact direct avec la cellule<\/h4>\n

Cependant, Starlink vend ses antennes directement aux particuliers et aux entreprises et, parmi ses offres diversifi\u00e9es, utilise \u00e9galement la technologie Direct Cell Connect (DCT). Ce syst\u00e8me permet au satellite de communiquer directement avec les t\u00e9l\u00e9phones mobiles compatibles, \u00e9liminant ainsi les probl\u00e8mes li\u00e9s aux interruptions de couverture et offrant des solutions aux zones d\u00e9pourvues d'infrastructures de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications. Dans ce contexte, Starlink a nou\u00e9 un partenariat avec Airtel Africa, une entreprise de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications pr\u00e9sente dans 14 pays africains.<\/p>\n

Entre offres technologiques et partenariats avec des entreprises de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, Musk et Bezos aff\u00fbtent leurs armes en pr\u00e9vision d'une concurrence qui s'annonce f\u00e9roce, le march\u00e9 \u00e9tant consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme tr\u00e8s prometteur.<\/p>\n

Avantages et fiabilit\u00e9 pour les pays africains<\/h4>\n

La forte demande de connectivit\u00e9 internet en Afrique s'explique par les faibles taux de p\u00e9n\u00e9tration d'internet observ\u00e9s dans certains pays africains. D\u00e9but 2025, ces taux \u00e9taient respectivement de 45,41 Tbit\/s et 78,91 Tbit\/s au Nig\u00e9ria et en Afrique du Sud, deux puissances \u00e9conomiques et d\u00e9mographiques majeures. Selon les donn\u00e9es de l'Union internationale des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications, le taux de p\u00e9n\u00e9tration d'internet en Afrique n'a pas d\u00e9pass\u00e9 381 Tbit\/s en 2024.<\/p>\n

Quoi qu'il en soit, cette nouvelle phase de concurrence entre Starlink et Amazon est structurellement b\u00e9n\u00e9fique pour les pays africains. Premi\u00e8rement, l'arriv\u00e9e d'Amazon sur le march\u00e9 permet le lancement d'un nouveau service d'internet par satellite \u00e0 haut d\u00e9bit qui acc\u00e9l\u00e9rera l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 internet en compl\u00e9tant les services existants, notamment ceux de Starlink. Cette diversification des services permettra d'\u00e9tendre plus rapidement la couverture des zones auparavant mal desservies et offrira aux clients (particuliers, entreprises, organisations, etc.) la possibilit\u00e9 de choisir le fournisseur d'acc\u00e8s qui correspond le mieux \u00e0 leurs besoins, au lieu de d\u00e9pendre d'un ou deux fournisseurs seulement.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

De plus, en brisant le monopole de ces deux entreprises, Amazon contribuera \u00e0 rendre l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 Internet haut d\u00e9bit par satellite accessible \u00e0 tous sur le continent. Cette concurrence entra\u00eenera une baisse des frais d'acc\u00e8s et des co\u00fbts de connexion. L'arriv\u00e9e de ces entreprises incitera \u00e9galement les op\u00e9rateurs de r\u00e9seaux nationaux de fibre optique \u00e0 r\u00e9duire leurs prix et \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de leurs services afin de rester comp\u00e9titifs. En effet, avec un kit d'installation standard co\u00fbtant environ 370 dollars am\u00e9ricains et un abonnement mensuel allant de 30 \u00e0 50 dollars am\u00e9ricains selon les pays, le service Starlink est actuellement inaccessible \u00e0 la majorit\u00e9 des foyers africains.<\/p>\n

De plus, l'arriv\u00e9e d'Amazon permettra \u00e0 certains pays d'acc\u00e9der \u00e0 l'internet haut d\u00e9bit tout en \u00e9vitant certains comportements qui peuvent r\u00e9sulter de la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 un seul acteur, surtout lorsque cet acteur est quelqu'un comme Elon Musk, au temp\u00e9rament impr\u00e9visible, qui aurait la possibilit\u00e9 de couper l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 internet \u00e0 un pays quand il le souhaite.<\/p>\n

Enfin, la concurrence am\u00e9liore les services offerts et contribuera au d\u00e9veloppement de nombreux secteurs \u00e0 distance, notamment l'\u00e9ducation en ligne, la t\u00e9l\u00e9m\u00e9decine et les services de gouvernement \u00e9lectronique\u2026<\/p>\n

En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, la concurrence entre Musk et Bezos dans le secteur de l'internet par satellite devrait se traduire par des connexions plus rapides, une couverture plus \u00e9tendue et des prix plus abordables. Cette concurrence s'intensifiera dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir en Afrique, o\u00f9 l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 internet reste encore limit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Solutions Internet par satellite \u00e0 haut d\u00e9bit<\/h4>\n

Cependant, outre leurs avantages, les solutions d'internet par satellite \u00e0 haut d\u00e9bit pr\u00e9sentent \u00e9galement des inconv\u00e9nients pour les gouvernements.<\/p>\n

Les d\u00e9cisions prises par ces milliardaires am\u00e9ricains ont des r\u00e9percussions directes sur la connectivit\u00e9 et l'\u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique en Afrique. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l'internet par satellite, ils contr\u00f4lent les donn\u00e9es, les prix et la continuit\u00e9 du service. De m\u00eame, l'absence d'infrastructures physiques et de pr\u00e9sence officielle de ces entreprises dans les pays africains complique la surveillance r\u00e9glementaire, le contr\u00f4le des contenus et la taxation de leurs activit\u00e9s. Par exemple, Starlink op\u00e8re dans certains pays africains sans les licences n\u00e9cessaires. Par cons\u00e9quent, ces solutions annoncent une nouvelle \u00e8re de d\u00e9pendance technologique, soulevant des questions fondamentales sur la souverainet\u00e9 num\u00e9rique.<\/p>\n

Heureusement, ces deux milliardaires ne seront pas les seuls acteurs du march\u00e9 de l'internet par satellite \u00e0 haut d\u00e9bit. D'autres entreprises am\u00e9liorent \u00e9galement leurs offres, notamment le groupe fran\u00e7ais Eutelsat, qui a command\u00e9 en janvier 2026 340 nouveaux satellites OneWeb aupr\u00e8s d'Airbus Defence and Space, portant ainsi sa commande totale \u00e0 440. Cette concurrence va s'intensifier avec plusieurs autres projets en cours, dont Telesat Lightspeed, SES O3B mPower et les entreprises chinoises Hongyan et Hongyun. (Source\u00a0: Le 360).<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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