{"id":13568,"date":"2026-06-11T23:43:05","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T21:43:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/?p=13568"},"modified":"2026-06-12T10:38:26","modified_gmt":"2026-06-12T08:38:26","slug":"homme-noir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/fr\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d9%86%d8%ac%d9%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9pisode 3 : Qui est cet homme noir qui n'a pas sa langue dans sa poche ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Document pr\u00e9par\u00e9 par la Dre Alia Amer, responsable de l'Unit\u00e9 \u00c9galit\u00e9 des chances au Centre d\u00e9mographique et repr\u00e9sentante des pays d'Afrique du Nord aupr\u00e8s de l'Union africaine pour les \u00e9tudes d\u00e9mographiques.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Il s'est r\u00e9pandu parmi Les Noirs<\/a> Les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s secr\u00e8tes du d\u00e9sert, que nous d\u00e9crirons plus loin, utilisent des tambours en bois. Ces tambours servent parfois lors de leurs r\u00e9unions musicales, mais aussi comme moyen de communication, au point que certains affirment qu'il existe un langage du tambour. Ils utilisent des masques et ma\u00eetrisent leur fabrication ainsi que la sculpture sur bois pour imiter l'image humaine.<\/p>\n

Les chevaux et les bovins sont tr\u00e8s rares dans les r\u00e9gions c\u00f4ti\u00e8res en raison de la pr\u00e9valence de la maladie du sommeil, et les animaux qu'elles \u00e9l\u00e8vent se limitent aux ch\u00e8vres, aux moutons, aux poulets et aux chiens\u00a0; quant \u00e0 l'alimentation v\u00e9g\u00e9tale, elle se limitait \u00e0 l'origine aux haricots, aux grosses citrouilles, aux bananes et \u00e0 quelques arachides, et gr\u00e2ce aux contacts avec le Portugal, la culture de l'igname, qui est similaire \u00e0 celle de la pomme de terre, du manioc et du ma\u00efs, a \u00e9t\u00e9 introduite.<\/p>\n

L'une des caract\u00e9ristiques les plus remarquables des populations noires d'Afrique de l'Ouest est leur talent artistique, notamment en sculpture et en peinture, un savoir-faire in\u00e9gal\u00e9 par aucun autre groupe en Afrique subsaharienne. L'apog\u00e9e de cette expression artistique se trouve dans les r\u00e9gions du B\u00e9nin et d'Ife, ainsi que dans les zones environnantes du sud-ouest du Nig\u00e9ria.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Depuis des si\u00e8cles, les habitants de cette r\u00e9gion excellent dans la sculpture artistique sur ivoire et la fabrication de masques et de statues en bronze. Lorsque les Anglais s'empar\u00e8rent de la ville de Ben en 1897, ils y d\u00e9couvrirent de pr\u00e9cieuses collections de chefs-d'\u0153uvre et transf\u00e9r\u00e8rent au British Museum de Londres des ensembles complets de sculptures en ivoire et de statues en bronze d'une grande splendeur et d'une grande perfection.<\/p>\n

Les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s secr\u00e8tes sont r\u00e9pandues en Afrique de l'Ouest. Ce sont des organisations aux formes multiples, dont les fonctions varient selon les r\u00e9gions. Dans certains cas, le secret n'est pas de mise et toute personne peut y adh\u00e9rer apr\u00e8s avoir acquitt\u00e9 les frais d'adh\u00e9sion.<\/p>\n

Dans certaines soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, l'adh\u00e9sion peut \u00eatre soumise \u00e0 des conditions strictes, et elles peuvent avoir leur propre langage. Certains membres peuvent commettre des actes qui d\u00e9plaisent aux dirigeants et nuisent \u00e0 une partie de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9. La plupart des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s secr\u00e8tes sont des organismes qui n'agissent que dans le cadre des pr\u00e9occupations de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Elle est attentive \u00e0 l'int\u00e9r\u00eat public. Parmi les associations les plus connues figure l'Association Igboni chez les Yorubas, et au Dahomey, l'Association Yewe pratique des rituels religieux sp\u00e9cifiques. Chez les Imbeyo, dans le sud-est du Nigeria, l'Association Igbo est tr\u00e8s influente\u00a0; ses membres sont r\u00e9partis en six \u00e0 dix classes, et certains d'entre eux portent des masques particuliers lors de leurs r\u00e9unions.<\/p>\n

Certaines de ces soci\u00e9t\u00e9s secr\u00e8tes peuvent porter le nom d'une profession, comme si elles faisaient partie d'une guilde, et l'une des plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres est la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Forgerons.<\/p>\n

Nous mentionnerons ici plus particuli\u00e8rement l'association Poro, l'une des plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres et influentes. Son influence s'\u00e9tend aux tribus de Sierra Leone et du Lib\u00e9ria. Cette association s'efforce constamment de pr\u00e9server le tissu social et de perp\u00e9tuer ses traditions, et elle remplit quatre fonctions principales\u00a0:<\/p>\n

(1) \u00c9lever des enfants, fils et filles<\/p>\n

b) Maintien de la moralit\u00e9 sexuelle<\/p>\n

h) Garantir l'int\u00e9grit\u00e9 des affaires politiques et \u00e9conomiques<\/p>\n

d) Attention port\u00e9e \u00e0 la fourniture de services sociaux, m\u00e9dicaux et sportifs<\/p>\n

Elle remplit sa mission \u00e9ducative gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des \u00e9coles, ou des structures s'en approchant, am\u00e9nag\u00e9es au c\u0153ur des for\u00eats, o\u00f9 elle assure l'\u00e9ducation des gar\u00e7ons et des filles (s\u00e9par\u00e9ment). Les hommes instruits prennent en charge les classes de gar\u00e7ons, tandis que les femmes s'occupent des filles. L'objectif est d'\u00e9lever chaque enfant de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce qu'il ou elle connaisse les affaires de la tribu et ses traditions.<\/p>\n

En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, les (\u00e9tudiants) passent d'une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration ignorante \u00e0 de jeunes hommes et femmes qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 correctement pr\u00e9par\u00e9s \u00e0 devenir des membres utiles de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n

En ce qui concerne la pr\u00e9servation des m\u0153urs sexuelles, elle dispose d'une association subsidiaire appel\u00e9e l'Humoi, dirig\u00e9e par une femme. Les postes cl\u00e9s y sont occup\u00e9s par des membres de certaines familles influentes.<\/p>\n

Cette association a pour but de faire respecter les r\u00e8gles du mariage et n'autorise l'union qu'entre les personnes dont le mariage est conforme \u00e0 ces r\u00e8gles. Outre l'interdiction du mariage ou des relations sexuelles entre proches parents, tels que neveux et ni\u00e8ces, elle interdit \u00e9galement \u00e0 un homme d'\u00e9pouser la s\u0153ur de sa femme, ou l'une de ses parentes de son vivant, ou encore une femme ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 mari\u00e9e \u00e0 son fr\u00e8re, \u00e0 sa m\u00e8re ou \u00e0 sa s\u0153ur adoptive.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\nh) Surveillance de la vie politique et \u00e9conomique\u00a0: aucune fonction importante ne peut \u00eatre occup\u00e9e sans l\u2019approbation de l\u2019assembl\u00e9e ou sans qu\u2019elle en soit un membre \u00e9minent. L\u2019assembl\u00e9e juge toute personne accus\u00e9e d\u2019un crime grave et d\u00e9signe un tribunal dont le pr\u00e9sident demeure inconnu. Le proc\u00e8s se d\u00e9roule \u00e0 huis clos.<\/p>\n

La communaut\u00e9 de Poro utilise une signal\u00e9tique sp\u00e9cifique\u00a0: plac\u00e9e \u00e0 des endroits pr\u00e9cis, elle sert d\u2019avertissement et incite les individus \u00e0 s\u2019abstenir de certaines actions. Par exemple, il est interdit de p\u00eacher lorsque les rivi\u00e8res sont \u00e0 sec, car on craint que les populations de poissons ne disparaissent si la p\u00eache est excessive dans ces eaux stagnantes. Autre exemple\u00a0: la r\u00e9colte des pommes de terre avant leur pleine maturit\u00e9. La communaut\u00e9 m\u00e8ne \u00e9galement de nombreux projets \u00e9conomiques dont les retomb\u00e9es positives sont manifestes.<\/p>\n

d) En ce qui concerne les services sociaux, le plus important est sans aucun doute la prise en charge des malades. Ce service est assur\u00e9 par une autre sous-association dont les membres sont issus de familles modestes. D'autres services existent \u00e9galement pour l'organisation des grandes f\u00eates lors d'occasions qui concernent toute la communaut\u00e9, ainsi que pour l'organisation de chants et de danses comm\u00e9moratives.<\/p>\n

Il ne fait aucun doute que de telles associations font plus de bien que de mal. Si elles s'opposent aux gouvernements, c'est parce qu'elles op\u00e8rent dans la m\u00eame sph\u00e8re que les instances gouvernementales. Bien que les opinions divergent parfois sur tous les sujets, ces associations sont une caract\u00e9ristique marquante de la vie en Afrique de l'Ouest. Elles existent \u00e9galement dans certaines r\u00e9gions du Cameroun et du Congo, ainsi que dans le Haut-Congo et le Haut-Bahr el Ghazal, chez le peuple Zande, bien qu'elles y soient moins dangereuses.<\/p>\n

Il est probable que la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Mau Mau, fond\u00e9e par les Kikuyu et qui a mis \u00e0 rude \u00e9preuve le gouvernement du Kenya, ait \u00e9t\u00e9 influenc\u00e9e, dans sa cr\u00e9ation et ses m\u00e9thodes, par des traditions r\u00e9pandues en Afrique de l'Ouest, malgr\u00e9 ce que l'on dit de l'absence du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s secr\u00e8tes en Afrique de l'Est.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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