{"id":11913,"date":"2026-06-03T15:04:23","date_gmt":"2026-06-03T13:04:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/?p=11913"},"modified":"2026-06-03T15:04:23","modified_gmt":"2026-06-03T13:04:23","slug":"%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%82%d8%b2%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/fr\/%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%82%d8%b2%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u00e9cit des peuples africains\u00a0: Les Pygm\u00e9es \u201c\u00a0La lutte pour la survie et la reconnaissance\u00a0\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nombres: <\/strong>Dr Alia Amer :\u00a0<\/strong>Experte en d\u00e9mographie sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e dans les \u00e9tudes de genre et repr\u00e9sentante des pays d'Afrique du Nord aupr\u00e8s de l'Union africaine d'\u00e9tudes d\u00e9mographiques<\/strong><\/p>\n

Alors que le monde s'exprime avec une urgence croissante sur le d\u00e9veloppement durable et la justice climatique, l'une des plus anciennes histoires oubli\u00e9es de l'humanit\u00e9 se cache au c\u0153ur des for\u00eats tropicales du bassin du Congo. Il s'agit du r\u00e9cit des peuples pygm\u00e9es \u2013 ou, comme ils pr\u00e9f\u00e8rent se nommer, les Aka, les Bambote et les Batua. Ces peuples ne sont pas simplement des communaut\u00e9s vivant en marge du continent africain\u00a0; ils sont les premiers gardiens de l'un des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes les plus complexes de la plan\u00e8te et les d\u00e9positaires d'une culture orale qui rec\u00e8le une intelligence environnementale qui pourrait bien \u00e9chapper \u00e0 l'humanit\u00e9 du XXIe si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n

Ce groupe, ou lign\u00e9e, est peu nombreux, mais poss\u00e8de des caract\u00e9ristiques remarquables. Comme indiqu\u00e9 en introduction, il convient de noter que la lign\u00e9e pygm\u00e9e ne se limite pas au continent africain\u00a0; sa r\u00e9partition s\u2019\u00e9tend vers l\u2019est jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019oc\u00e9an Pacifique, o\u00f9 elle est plus r\u00e9pandue, bien que moins nombreuse. Les scientifiques distinguent les groupes africains et asiatiques en les d\u00e9signant en Afrique sous le nom de \u201c\u00a0Negrillo\u00a0\u201d, diminutif du mot italien.<\/p>\n

Le groupe asiatique est appel\u00e9 \u201c\u00a0Negrito\u00a0\u201d, diminutif espagnol. Dans les deux cas, le terme signifie \u00ab\u00a0petit Noir\u00a0\u00bb, et leur faible nombre, o\u00f9 qu'ils se trouvent, s'explique par leur mode de vie bas\u00e9 sur la chasse, la cueillette et la recherche de nourriture, ainsi que par leur incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 exercer un travail productif. Ils ont besoin d'un vaste territoire pour se nourrir et nourrir le gibier. Cela \u00e9tait possible dans l'Antiquit\u00e9, mais plus tard, avec l'expansion des populations, la conqu\u00eate de territoires et le d\u00e9veloppement de l'\u00e9levage et de l'agriculture, les Pygm\u00e9es n'ont eu d'autre choix que de se confiner \u00e0 des portions restreintes de leurs terres ancestrales, o\u00f9 ils ont d\u00fb faire face \u00e0 la concurrence de populations aux \u00e9conomies plus complexes et productives. C'est pourquoi on ne trouve pas de Pygm\u00e9es vivant isol\u00e9ment dans une seule r\u00e9gion, \u00e0 l'exception des \u00eeles Andaman, au milieu de l'oc\u00e9an Indien. M\u00eame ces \u00eeles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 marqu\u00e9es par la colonisation, qui en a fait un lieu d'exil pour certains groupes criminels.<\/p>\n

Les Pygm\u00e9es d'Afrique sont des chasseurs-cueilleurs. Leurs territoires \u00e9taient sans aucun doute bien plus vastes autrefois, englobant la r\u00e9gion du Bahr el Ghazal, les Grands Lacs, les for\u00eats et les jungles du bassin du Congo, et s'\u00e9tendant jusqu'au Cameroun et aux c\u00f4tes du Ghana. Il est fort probable qu'ils parcouraient librement ces r\u00e9gions avant l'arriv\u00e9e des populations d'Afrique subsaharienne. Aujourd'hui, ils sont confin\u00e9s aux for\u00eats les plus denses d'Afrique centrale, dans le bassin du Congo, la r\u00e9gion de l'Ituri et des zones similaires. Leur territoire s'\u00e9tend \u00e0 peine au-del\u00e0 du quatri\u00e8me parall\u00e8le nord et sud de l'\u00e9quateur.<\/p>\n

L'\u00e9tablissement de Pygm\u00e9es en Afrique remonte \u00e0 l'Antiquit\u00e9. On sait, en tout cas, qu'ils \u00e9taient connus des \u00c9gyptiens \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque des b\u00e2tisseurs de pyramides. Les souverains \u00e9gyptiens envoyaient des exp\u00e9ditions vers le sud, rapportant des marchandises et des tr\u00e9sors africains. Il leur arrivait de revenir avec un Pygm\u00e9e. Le tr\u00f4ne du pharaon consid\u00e9rait comme le bien le plus pr\u00e9cieux venant du sud un Pygm\u00e9e joyeux, capable de danser, de jouer et d'amuser par ses mouvements. Les anciens \u00c9gyptiens ont laiss\u00e9 des dessins et des inscriptions repr\u00e9sentant plusieurs de ces Pygm\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Il est certain que les missions \u00e9gyptiennes de l'\u00e9poque ne se rendaient pas dans les for\u00eats du Congo, mais trouvaient plut\u00f4t ce qu'elles cherchaient dans des endroits beaucoup plus proches que leurs terres d'origine actuelles.<\/p>\n

Les Pygm\u00e9es sont de tr\u00e8s petite taille, d\u00e9passant rarement 135 centim\u00e8tres \u2013 sauf en cas de m\u00e9tissage. Leurs bras sont tr\u00e8s longs par rapport \u00e0 leurs jambes, leur peau est souvent brun rouge\u00e2tre fonc\u00e9 ou brun jaun\u00e2tre, et leur corps est recouvert d'un fin duvet. Les proportions de leur t\u00eate sont moyennes ou l\u00e9g\u00e8rement larges (79 \u00e0 81). C'est l'une de leurs caract\u00e9ristiques les plus importantes, et comme ils vivent parmi des groupes dont la t\u00eate est plus large, toute t\u00eate plus large observ\u00e9e dans une population africaine est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement due \u00e0 un m\u00e9tissage avec des Pygm\u00e9es. Leur nez est tr\u00e8s large, presque plat, et leurs yeux sont grands et pro\u00e9minents. Leur visage est court, leurs m\u00e2choires sont saillantes et leurs l\u00e8vres \u00e9paisses. Leurs cheveux sont, bien s\u00fbr, tr\u00e8s fris\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

Les Pygm\u00e9es vivent en petits groupes dispers\u00e9s, une n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 impos\u00e9e par leurs activit\u00e9s de chasse et de cueillette. Chaque groupe construit ses petites huttes dans un endroit isol\u00e9 de la for\u00eat.<\/p>\n

Ils chassent avec des arcs et des fl\u00e8ches empoisonn\u00e9s et peuvent m\u00eame ma\u00eetriser de grands animaux\u2026 On ignore ce que ces Pygm\u00e9es ont ressenti lorsque les diff\u00e9rents groupes bantous ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 s'installer sur leurs terres. Mais aujourd'hui, ils vivent en harmonie avec leurs voisins bantous. Ils parlent leurs langues et pratiquent le commerce, leur offrant le fruit de leur chasse et recevant des produits agricoles comme des bananes et du ma\u00efs.<\/p>\n

On trouve un exemple de ce brassage social dans les r\u00e9cits des Pygm\u00e9es Bambouti des for\u00eats d'Ituri, qui participent aux c\u00e9r\u00e9monies de circoncision avec leurs voisins bantous. Lorsque vient le moment de cette intervention dans une r\u00e9gion donn\u00e9e, les gar\u00e7ons pygm\u00e9es et leurs voisins y participent, accomplissant les rituels n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 cette \u00e9tape cruciale de la vie des gar\u00e7ons, qui deviennent alors membres de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et passent de l'enfance \u00e0 l'adolescence.<\/p>\n

Quant \u00e0 la doctrine religieuse, les croyances des nains comportent probablement des \u00e9l\u00e9ments qui leur sont propres, ainsi que ceux qu'ils ont adopt\u00e9s ou dont ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 influenc\u00e9s par les croyances de leurs voisins bantous. Le culte des anc\u00eatres, r\u00e9pandu chez tous les peuples bantous, ne semble pas occuper une place importante dans la religion naine. Un principe central de leur foi est la v\u00e9n\u00e9ration d'une puissance qu'ils attribuent aux cieux. Certains consid\u00e8rent cette puissance comme li\u00e9e au cr\u00e9ateur de l'univers. Cet \u00eatre c\u00e9leste est parfois appel\u00e9 le seigneur des temp\u00eates, de la foudre, du tonnerre et de la pluie. Certains groupes lui donnent un nom sp\u00e9cifique, tandis que d'autres l'appellent simplement l'anc\u00eatre. Ils lui offrent des sacrifices, tels qu'une partie du c\u0153ur d'un animal abattu ou une portion de miel.<\/p>\n

Le peuple Efe, qui vit dans les for\u00eats d'Ituri, appelle cet \u00eatre \u201c Tori \u201d. Ils disent qu'il a tout cr\u00e9\u00e9 et que tout retourne \u00e0 lui. Avant de partir chasser, ils le prient : \u201c Donne-nous \u00e0 manger, Tori ! \u201d Ils croient que Tori est celui vers qui retournent les morts et qui foudroie les malfaiteurs. Les Pygm\u00e9es n'ont pas de tribus, mais plut\u00f4t de petits clans. Cependant, certains de leurs groupes partagent un nom commun, comme les Akka dans les for\u00eats du Congo, les Bambote et les Efe dans les for\u00eats d'Ituri, et les Batwa en Ouganda.<\/p>\n

Voici donc les trois groupes : les Bushmen, les Hottentots et les Pygm\u00e9es. Peu nombreux, certains m\u00eame menac\u00e9s d'extinction, ils repr\u00e9sentent \u2013 malgr\u00e9 leur faible population \u2013 un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne significatif en Afrique : le peuplement du continent sur des milliers, voire des dizaines de milliers d'ann\u00e9es. L'anciennet\u00e9 de ces groupes est attest\u00e9e par l'isolement de leurs terres ancestrales, vers lesquelles ils furent contraints de se r\u00e9fugier lorsque des vagues de pillards et de migrants commenc\u00e8rent \u00e0 d\u00e9ferler du nord et de l'est. Les Bushmen et leurs proches trouv\u00e8rent refuge aux confins du continent, tandis que les Pygm\u00e9es se r\u00e9fugi\u00e8rent dans les for\u00eats denses.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":11914,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3386,217,41],"tags":[4651,73],"class_list":["post-11913","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-africastory","category-slider","category-socity","tag-4651","tag-73"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0632\u0627\u0645 "\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641" - Zoom Africa News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0632\u0627\u0645 "\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641" - Zoom Africa News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 "\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0632\u0627\u0645" \u2014 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0636...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/fr\/\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0632\u0627\u0645-\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Zoom Africa News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-06-03T13:04:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-06-03-at-4.01.50-PM.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1537\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1023\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Ahmed Salem\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Ahmed Salem\" \/>\n\t<meta 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