{"id":11351,"date":"2026-05-31T21:41:19","date_gmt":"2026-05-31T19:41:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/?p=11351"},"modified":"2026-05-31T21:41:33","modified_gmt":"2026-05-31T19:41:33","slug":"%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%ab-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%b4%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zoomafricanews.com\/fr\/%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%ab-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%b4%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"Hantavirus : La d\u00e9gradation de l'environnement exacerbe sa propagation en Afrique"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c9crit par : Mohammed Omran<\/strong><\/p>\n

Face aux pr\u00e9occupations scientifiques croissantes concernant la propagation des zoonoses en Afrique, le r\u00f4le des rongeurs, notamment des souris et des rats, appara\u00eet comme un facteur majeur d'inqui\u00e9tude pour les chercheurs.<\/p>\n

Des \u00e9tudes r\u00e9centes sugg\u00e8rent que le changement climatique, associ\u00e9 \u00e0 la faiblesse des syst\u00e8mes de surveillance sanitaire dans plusieurs pays africains, pourrait contribuer \u00e0 l'augmentation de la population de ces rongeurs, accroissant ainsi le risque de transmission de virus dangereux tels que\u2026 Hantavirus<\/strong><\/a> Pour les humains, et elle pose de nouveaux d\u00e9fis aux syst\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9 publique du continent.<\/p>\n

Hantavirus en Afrique : pourquoi le changement climatique, les rats et le manque de surveillance inqui\u00e8tent-ils les scientifiques ?<\/h2>\n

Plusieurs scientifiques travaillant dans le domaine des maladies infectieuses \u00e9mergentes ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu'il existe de nombreux types d'hantavirus, mais qu'un seul type est connu pour \u00eatre transmissible d'une personne \u00e0 l'autre, \u00e0 savoir l'hantavirus andin en Am\u00e9rique du Sud, qui a r\u00e9cemment \u00e9t\u00e9 li\u00e9 \u00e0 la mort de plusieurs passagers d'un navire de croisi\u00e8re.<\/p>\n

\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n

La transmission entre humains peut \u00eatre r\u00e9duite gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une surveillance \u00e9troite des contacts et \u00e0 l'isolement des personnes infect\u00e9es, ce qui diminue le risque de propagation du virus, d'autant plus que l'infection n\u00e9cessite g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement un contact direct.<\/p>\n

Les scientifiques soulignent que de nombreuses zones rurales souffrent de services de diagnostic insuffisants en raison d'un manque de ressources, ce qui peut entra\u00eener la non-d\u00e9tection de cas sporadiques et permettre au virus de se propager sans \u00eatre d\u00e9tect\u00e9 \u00e0 temps. Ce retard nuit \u00e9galement \u00e0 la rapidit\u00e9 de mise en \u0153uvre de mesures de contr\u00f4le efficaces.<\/p>\n

Comment les rats deviennent-ils des vecteurs de maladies dangereuses en Afrique ?<\/h3>\n

Les syst\u00e8mes de surveillance pr\u00e9sentent \u00e9galement des limites en termes de pr\u00e9cision et d'exhaustivit\u00e9, ce qui peut entra\u00eener la non-d\u00e9tection d'infections chez la faune sauvage et chez l'humain. Parall\u00e8lement, les changements climatiques et l'\u00e9volution rapide de l'utilisation des terres pourraient contribuer \u00e0 un risque accru de transmission du hantavirus des animaux \u00e0 l'humain, en raison de la prolif\u00e9ration des rongeurs et de leur proximit\u00e9 croissante avec les zones r\u00e9sidentielles, ce qui augmente la probabilit\u00e9 de nouvelles \u00e9pid\u00e9mies de zoonoses.<\/p>\n

Par exemple, des \u00e9tudes de mod\u00e9lisation men\u00e9es sur le continent am\u00e9ricain ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 de vastes zones o\u00f9 les zoonoses (maladies transmises de fa\u00e7on permanente par une communaut\u00e9 animale) sont r\u00e9pandues, en raison de la tendance de nombreuses esp\u00e8ces de rongeurs \u00e0 vivre dans des environnements divers o\u00f9 un grand nombre d'humains sont \u00e9galement pr\u00e9sents.<\/p>\n

Les scientifiques ont soulign\u00e9 que les gouvernements africains doivent surveiller la faune sauvage afin de d\u00e9tecter quand et o\u00f9 des virus animaux, comme celui-ci, sont susceptibles de se transmettre \u00e0 l'homme, car cela contribuera \u00e0 pr\u00e9venir une \u00e9pid\u00e9mie g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e d'hantavirus, qui pourrait \u00eatre mortelle.<\/p>\n

Des scientifiques ont d\u00e9couvert plusieurs hantavirus, dont le hantavirus guin\u00e9en Sangasso, chez de petites esp\u00e8ces de mammif\u00e8res, comme les rongeurs.<\/p>\n

Plus r\u00e9cemment, des hantavirus ont \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couverts chez les mouches et les chauves-souris, et non plus seulement chez les rats et les souris comme on le pensait auparavant.<\/p>\n

\"\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/p>\n

L'un des probl\u00e8mes actuels auxquels l'Afrique est confront\u00e9e est le manque de recherches men\u00e9es sur l'\u00e9cologie des hantavirus et des animaux qui sont leurs h\u00f4tes.<\/p>\n

De plus, tr\u00e8s peu de s\u00e9quences g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques sont disponibles, ce qui limite la capacit\u00e9 des scientifiques \u00e0 analyser les interactions entre les virus et leurs h\u00f4tes, ainsi que les risques potentiels qu'ils repr\u00e9sentent pour l'homme.<\/p>\n

Les rapports et les recherches indiquent qu'en plus d'un suivi limit\u00e9 des maladies, l'Afrique souffre d'une lacune dans la surveillance du hantavirus.<\/p>\n

Il est imp\u00e9ratif de combler cette lacune, car l'infection et la maladie \u00e0 hantavirus pourraient \u00eatre plus r\u00e9pandues que ne le supposent de nombreux syst\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Le hantavirus s'est largement propag\u00e9 aux \u00c9tats-Unis entre 1993 et 1995 en raison du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne El Ni\u00f1o, qui a entra\u00een\u00e9 de fortes pluies et un hiver doux, provoquant une abondance de graines dont se nourrissent les rongeurs.<\/p>\n

Cette am\u00e9lioration de la nutrition a entra\u00een\u00e9 une augmentation consid\u00e9rable de leur nombre, et des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies de la maladie ailleurs ont \u00e9t\u00e9 li\u00e9es \u00e0 des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes climatiques similaires.<\/p>\n

L'augmentation des populations de rongeurs les incitera \u00e0 rechercher de plus en plus de nourriture et d'abri \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 des habitations. Cette concurrence accrue pour les ressources engendre des comportements agressifs chez les animaux, et les morsures sont susceptibles de transmettre le virus. Compte tenu de l'augmentation pr\u00e9vue de la fr\u00e9quence et de l'intensit\u00e9 du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne El Ni\u00f1o, les hantavirus risquent d'affecter de plus en plus les pays africains.<\/p>\n

En Afrique, les changements d'affectation des sols sont susceptibles de jouer un r\u00f4le de plus en plus important dans l'environnement et l'\u00e9mergence du hantavirus, comme ce fut le cas pour la fi\u00e8vre de Lassa (un autre virus transmis par les rongeurs) au Nig\u00e9ria et en Guin\u00e9e. La d\u00e9forestation, l'expansion agricole, les activit\u00e9s mini\u00e8res, la construction de routes et la croissance urbaine modifient les facteurs naturels dans de nombreuses r\u00e9gions du continent.<\/p>\n

Ces changements environnementaux peuvent contraindre les populations de rongeurs, de mouches et de chauves-souris \u00e0 s'installer dans les exploitations agricoles, les villages, les zones p\u00e9riurbaines et les points d'eau utilis\u00e9s par l'homme. Lorsque les humains \u00e9tendent leur territoire vers des habitats auparavant pr\u00e9serv\u00e9s, en qu\u00eate de terres, de nourriture ou d'opportunit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques, cela cr\u00e9e \u00e9galement une nouvelle opportunit\u00e9 (appel\u00e9e interface \u00e9cologique) o\u00f9 les hantavirus et autres agents pathog\u00e8nes zoonotiques peuvent se propager plus facilement entre les r\u00e9servoirs fauniques et les humains.<\/p>\n

Que faire ensuite ?<\/h2>\n

Lorsque les humains et les animaux sauvages entrent en contact \u00e9troit, des virus comme les hantavirus peuvent passer des animaux aux humains et se propager entre eux. Les hantavirus peuvent provoquer des maladies graves chez l'humain, et leur propagation est probablement beaucoup plus \u00e9tendue qu'on ne le pense actuellement.<\/p>\n

\"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/p>\n

Les scientifiques ont soulign\u00e9 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d'\u00e9tudes virologiques et environnementales sur les r\u00e9servoirs d'hantavirus chez la faune sauvage, ainsi que d'une surveillance des infections et des cas de maladie chez l'humain dans les zones touch\u00e9es. Cela requiert des outils de diagnostic sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s, ainsi que des pr\u00e9l\u00e8vements sur les rongeurs vivant dans les zones o\u00f9 l'activit\u00e9 humaine a perturb\u00e9 leur habitat et o\u00f9 des cas de maladie, accompagn\u00e9s d'une forte hausse de temp\u00e9rature, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

Ils ont soulign\u00e9 qu'une surveillance renforc\u00e9e pour identifier les points de contact \u00e0 haut risque, les zones de transmission \u00e9mergentes et les facteurs de transmission est essentielle pour pr\u00e9dire les agents pathog\u00e8nes potentiels du hantavirus africain avant que des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies plus importantes ne surviennent.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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